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Journée Mondiale du SIDA 2011
Related to country: Togo

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November 29, 2011 | 11:44 AM Comments  0 comments

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Les solutions aux changements climatiques
Related to country: Togo

Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Solutions with the climatic changes
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The solutions with the climatic changes

These last years, research on the climatic change has advanced in a considerable way. It confirms that the human activities, such as L? use of fossile fuels, are most probably responsible for the climatic reheating which one currently observes on the Earth. Do the effects of the climatic reheating feel already everywhere on planet, and one S? waits until its repercussions are even more important and expensive with L? future. C? is why, the extent and the rate/rhythm of the climatic change will increase the risk of damage. How the climatic change affects? t- it our life and by which initiatives the young people can they contribute to limit L? width of the climatic change and its impacts? Such are the interrogations which we will try to answer while passing by the real causes of the climatic change.

Section I: How the climatic change affects? t- it our life?
Majority of L? increase in the world average temperature observed these fifty last years is due to the emissions of gases for purpose of greenhouse generated by the human activities. It is observed more and more that snow and the ice melt and that the cold ground thaws out. Processes related to the cycle of L? water and the biological systems change and are sometimes disturbed. The climatic change has already measurable effects on many natural and human systems. The migrations begin earlier than in the past and the surfaces of geographical distribution of certain species move towards the poles.
The human systems sensitive to the climatic change are mainly the water resources; agriculture (in particular food safety) and forestry; coastal zones and marine systems (fisheries); human settlements, energy, and industry.
The increase in the sea level has consequences on the marine and coastal ecosystems:
? An increased erosion of the coasts.
? Wider coastal floods.
? Floods associated with the higher billows.
? The intrusion of sea water in the terrestrial estuaries and aquifers.
? Increase in the temperature of the surface of the sea.
? The reduction of the cover of the marine ices.
These changes affect the composition and the distribution of the species.
The changes with the hydrological mode rising from the climatic changes have consequences on the ecosystems of interior water such as for example:
? Reheating of the rivers.
? A reduction of the glacial cover.
? Modified modes of mixture.
? An increased frequency of extreme events such as the floods and the drynesses.
Will these consequences probably lead to D? other changes in the growth, the reproduction and the distribution of the biological diversity of the lakes and the brooks; with displacement towards the poles of certain organizations then to changes in the reproduction of the migratory birds which need the lakes and the brooks to reproduce.
Certain extreme phenomena like the drynesses, the floods, the heatwaves, avalanches, and the storms of wind increase in frequency and/or intensity, while other extreme phenomena, such as the cold waves, decrease. The losses in human lives, the sufferings and the damage caused by these phenomena increase with the climatic reheating.
A climatic reheating of a few degrees involves:
? Clear economic losses in many developing countries
? A combination of profits and losses in the developed countries and only of the losses if the temperature were to rise more
? A reduction in the interior product gross (GDP) world of some pourcents and clear losses more important in the case of a larger rise of the temperatures.

Section II: How the initiatives of youth can? they to contribute to the fight against the climatic change?
L? does man owe S? to adapt to the impacts of the climatic change, for example by the means of technical solutions and changes in the spending patterns. Is the climatic change L? one of the greatest challenges of which L? humanity currently faces and the most vulnerable populations of planet will be the first to undergo the consequences. Shouldn't the world population being primarily young, the young people remain the arms crossed while waiting for only D? do others act and C? is for this reason qu? aujourd? today, the young people must act on the individual, family and Community level. This fact the role of the young people in the fight against the climatic change could be summarized in three principal points:
? On the individual level: do the young people owe S? to inform and be formed on the question of the fight against the climatic change through the social media, leaders and by taking note of the summary of the world report/ratio about the human development. To decide to change way of life while rolling to bicycle, while going to foot to go with L? school and by borrowing public transport, while choosing subjects D? studies centered on L? one of the aspects of the fight against the climatic change and by posing concrete actions within their family and of their community.
? On the family level: do the young people have to make known L? importance of L? environment with all the members of the family, to explain to them what C? is what climatic change and its impact on the world population, this qu? it will be if nothing N? is made and which can be their contributions in so much qu? a plain entity. Simple gestures (of the kind: to plant trees in the neighbourhoods of the house, to create parks, to take a shower with the place D? a bath, to take public transport, to avoid useless consumption D? electric power, to consume bio and choose renewable energies must be taught.
? On the Community level: do the young people owe S? to integrate in clubs or associations of young people fighting for the protection of L? environment or then, to create some with comrades, to promote work in synergy by the creation of the networks D? organizations fighting for the protection of L? environment or specifically of fight against the climatic change, to contribute to activities of research for the immediate and radical reorientation of the energy policies, to promote the consumption and of the investments based on sources D? energies with weak carbon emission? uvrer in the direction of the development of the public partnership? deprived in the field of the search and development for solutions on the question of the fight against the climatic change, to fight vigorously against the deforestation and the modification of L? land use, to contribute to the definition D? national goals and of policies aligned on these objectives? uvrer in L? optics of L? adoption D? a law based on L? access to L? public information and finally to take part in any action of social mobilization on the question. Thus, the young people must invite their government to cooperate because the international co-operation appears important in this great battle puisqu? it allows:
? to include/understand the mechanisms of the climatic change, its origins natural or human and its consequences on health and the biodiversity;
? to inform the populations world-wide through a strong mobilization of the media;
? to carry out an exchange D? experiment and of good practices between the actors of the human development throughout the world;
? to constitute a force of proposals and actions concrete to face the phenomenon of the climatic change;
? to promote scientific and technological research for the installation of measurements D? attenuations on the question.
? to attenuate climatic changes or to adapt to those (by the maintenance and the restoration of the indigenous ecosystems, the protection and the improvement of the services which the ecosystems get, the management of the habitats of the species in the process of disappearance).

CONCLUSION
It is time that the young people act for the fight against the climatic change, not only to protect their future but also to protect the future generations from the harmful effects of the climatic change. If the gas emissions for purpose of greenhouse were to continue at intervals identical or higher than the current rate/rhythm, that would accentuate L still more? increase in the world temperature and would cause many other climatic changes during XXIe century. To put L? accent on a durable development can help the human societies to reduce their vulnerability to the climatic change. The adoption of strategies of adaptation and attenuation based on biological diversity could improve resistance of the ecosystems and reduce the risks for the human and natural ecosystems. The attenuation consists of a human intervention aiming to reduce the sources of gas for purpose of greenhouse or to improve sequestration of carbon, while the adaptation to the climatic changes relates to the readjustments of the natural or human systems in response to the climatic stimulus or their consequences, which mitigate the harmful effects or exploit the beneficial possibilities. Changes in the way of life and the behaviors which support the safeguarding of the natural resources can contribute to attenuate the climatic change.

September 16, 2009 | 5:36 PM Comments  1 comments

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La corruption
Related to country: Togo

Translations available in: French (original) | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | English | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Corruption
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo

Is the corruption L? one of the thorniest problems encountered by many countries. Also, it became object of public discussion after having been a subject taboo. Regarded as a fact of company, it touches the policy, the company, justice?. And L? economy. From does this point of view, of what consist the corruption and how to perceive it? Where does it appear and in which forms? Which are the measures to be taken to fight it lorsqu? it is presented after L? identification of the run risks? Are such the various components which will make L? object of this test.

Section I: how the corruption affect does our life?
I. Definition of the Apparemment
corruption the corruption is an old phenomenon like the world; nowadays, the advisabilities of practising it multiplied on all the plans, in particular on the public level. It is held between two or several people as well public sector as private: agents of L? State, of L? administration or of any other public institution (civil servant, employed D? public company, elected etc ?.) or any function/profession which confers on an individual a responsibility or a public authority. Is corrupted, that which benefits from this function for S? to enrich beyond its legitimate remuneration. Its partner in the corrupted transaction (called also corrupting) benefits also indirectly from this position. However, if each one D? they carries out a profit on the basis D? an illegal or contrary action with morals and good citizenship, the corrupted is that which misuses the public property. Admittedly, the corruption could be defined as “L? abuse public positions to fine D? personal enrichment” KAUFMANN
However, why corruption and qu? be-it-which pushes a person to corrupt her next? This leads us to determine the causes or the origins of the corruption.
II. Do the causes of the corruption
They differ D? a country with another C? be-with-statement qu? they depend on the development of each country.
A. On the socio-policy plan
One notes:
? Low income of the populations due to a low standard of living
? Not payment or irregularity of the wages
? Capacity D drops? purchase
? Poverty or insufficiency of wages
? Cupidity of the citizens
? Easy lure of gain due to L? insufficient remuneration of the civil servant

B. On the psycho-morals plan
One notes:
? Degradation of the values morals
? Falls of patriotism and good citizenship
? Disproportionate ambition leading to L? absence of social conscience

C. On the political level
One notes:
? Weak policy of promotion of the organizations of the civil company
? Insufficiency D? political opening
? Development of the begging
? Absence of transparency

D. On the administrative level
One notes:
? Incompetence of the agents
? Voluntary heaviness and omissions
? Opacity of administrative management
? Absence of professional promotion
? Blocking of advances

E. On the legal level
One notes:
? Outdatedness of the texts of law
? Inapplication of the administrative texts
? Absence/ignorance of the law anticorruption
? Inefficiency and brittleness of the legal system
? Impunity of some corrupted

III. Effects of corruption
A. Demonstrations
the corruption appears in various forms: bribes, L? extortion, the traffic D? influence, the fraud, the pure and simple flight and the embezzlement. It can take the form D? purchase D? a judge or an inspector of the tax department, contour of the regulations, D? abuse the goods and the public monies, D? a protection for qu? an embezzlement is not denounced, in which case, one can then require favours of the protected person.
Corruption being gears, once qu? did a civil servant accept the bribes, it will be probably in L? impossibility of refusing to continue for fear the corrupters do not reveal at the great day its first embezzlement. Gradually, this civil servant will come from there to regard the corruption as something of normal and widespread. The material profits give him desire for still gaining more.
Constituting a torpor devastator, the corruption has effects on our social, economic, political life and on the management of the administrations.
B. Consequences compared to the durable development
D? now and already, the consequences of the corruption all are as varied as its causes and they affect the collective structures of the life determining consequently D? enormous mortgages of L? advanced L? humanity.
1. As regards do the social aspects
the corruption involve the imbalance of the social structures in the sense that the company is a sum of facts of which L? orientation and functionality determining collective survival and that all the acts posed are never without efforts on the structures likely to carry the life of the companies. NR? saving any social layer, it constitutes a social handicap. The authors of the acts of corruption bequeath these unfruitful practices which evolve/move with their downward close relations/. However, all that is made aujourd? today will be the photocopy of tomorrow. In short, the phenomenon of the corruption involves everyone towards a social disaster.
2. From does the economic point of view
First of all, it impoverish L? State puisqu? it makes bleed the cases of L? State because of the embezzlements and the reductions of the financial resources, the diversions and tax evasion. It blocks the economic growth like L? increase in the domestic debt and external.
3. On does the political level
the corruption make neither advance the democracy nor the rights of L? man which is the essential components of the good governorship. It threatens civil peace bus from now on the rights are negotiated near the leading authorities involving a political hypocrisy.
4. On the administrative level
L? inefficiency of the management of L? does public administration and private involve a dysfunction in L?? administration and a weakness of the institutions. Reason for which the corruption does have to pass by a permanent reform of L? administration of the public institutions.

Section II: On the corruption Any
strategy anticorruption fights starts with good information and the devices anticorruptions can vary considerably in their form and their width. Thus, to fight for example the corruption D? a share in a company, it would firstly be necessary to take measures on various plans; D? another share to lay down certain objectives to be reached and respect concretely.
I. Anticorruption measurements in a company
to limit the risks of corruption in a company, we must:
? to sensitize the personnel and management, like all the collaborators with the problem of the corruption and for its purposes
? to introduce the system of rotation of stations which can contribute to reduce the risk
? to take care of the transparency of the course of the commercial transactions
? to remunerate the collaborators correctly and to sensitize them to become aware of their responsibility and with L? to assume with full knowledge of the facts.

II. General measures anticorruption

? For L? State
? D is needed? access an engagement on the most level passing by the constitution of the high level management committees associating the government, the judicial power, the civil company, L? industry, L? economy to adopt a total strategy and the formation of the working groups on the points of transparency and financial control, of the information obtained within the framework of these activities will have to be diffused in the media and the civil company as far as possible. So the civil company S? engages in a permanent debate of the corruption, as of the schooling and L? to imply in progress of fight C? be-with-statement that the well the civil company is developed, the more numerous people will be with being able to make await their voice and influence the governments.
? It is also necessary to simplify the administrative regulations and procedures since those open possibilities D? to accept bribes.
? It is necessary to make check the public expenditure, collections D? public money and markets, either by a body of independent control or when that does appear necessary for the safety of L? State.
? L should finally be cleansed? jurisdictional authority as a whole and to democratize the administrative structures of L? State C? are be-with-statement what their managements based on the respect of the rights of L? man and of his dignity.

? For the civil company
? to create local bodies and private structures for a greater effectiveness of fight against this plague.
? to call the Parliament with better functioning puisqu? they (members of Parliament) constitute the elected officials of the people.
? to publicly denounce the corrupted ones without fear but with proof.

Does CONCLUSION
Beyond the multiplicity of the forms and the practices of the corruption and the multiple effects as for its eradication, one admit qu? it N? L is not possible? éradiquer nor to encircle it and that L? one can aim to control it and limit the negative effects of them. Thus to say that L? one can erase the corruption of his existence

November 5, 2008 | 6:24 PM Comments  1 comments

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